In the present study, attempts have been made to simulate the effect of CLIMATE CHANGE on rice growth and yield, under both control and water-stressed conditions. Between the two planting methods, the system of rice intensification (SRI) practice had an advantage for the elevated CO2conditions, with an additional yield of 1,325 kg ha-1; while it was only 391 kg ha-1 under traditional system of planting rice (TPR). Similarly, the yield decline due to temperature increment was -2.0, -2.4, -6.2 and -12.8 % under SRI practice as compared to that of-4.0, -9.9, -11.3 and -31.7 % in the TPR system for +1, +2, +3 and +4 oC temperature rise, respectively. Thus, doubling of atmospheric CO2 level will compensate for the detrimental effect of increased temperature up to 2 °C in the SRI method of rice cultivation as compared to TPR system of planting. Thus, SRI practice is the most suitable method of rice cultivation under both elevated CO2 and temperature level. Simulation analysis of the present data using the dynamic model, ORYZA2000, indicated that under future adverse climatic conditions, the grain yield showed little variation (+1.83 %) with doubled CO2 at +2oC temperature rise especially with the water stress situations. However, this could be further raised (+17.10 %) with the supplementation of pink-pigmented facultative methylotroph bacterium (PPFM) bio-fertilizer in the given SCENARIO. Thus, temperature-induced yield alterations especially under water-stressed environment could be favorably mitigated with the CO2 fertilization along with the supplementation of PPFM bio-fertilizer.

Using sea wave as an energy resource is growing in the world because of its cleanliness and recyclability. Wave energy depends on significant wave height and wave period. These parameters depend on the specification of some other parameters specially the wind filed. Blowing the wind over the sea water produces waves and makes them one of the best sources of energies. Hence wave CLIMATE depends to wind CLIMATE. Variation of the wind CLIMATE in the future CLIMATE, CHANGEs the hydrodynamic of waves including the wave power specification. The CNRM-CM6-SSP2-45 of CMIP6 is one of the middle classes carbon dioxide CLIMATE CHANGEs and has much application in managing and programing purposes. In this research the effect of this high-resolution CLIMATE SCENARIO has been evaluated on the wave power in Chabahar in Sistan and Balouchestan province in the Gulf of Oman. For this, the improved Weibull downscaling technique has been used for downscaling of wind field. Using a calibrated wave model, it has been derived that in a period of ten years leading to 2100, the wave power will increase 0.22 kW/m (equal to 3%) in average. Seasonal variation is more sensible. Fall and Winter have most increasement in decrease. Average seasonal wave power will CHANGE in Fall and Winter by +2.27 kW/m (+42%) and -2.24 kW/m (-27%) respectively.

Drought is one of the extreme events that can impact vast areas gradually over time. Also understanding the implications of CLIMATE CHANGE on drought is important for water resources management in order to manage the available water resources in the basin appropriately. Having better understanding of drought condition, drought indices were developed. Several drought indices are used for identifying and quantifying droughts that among them the standardized precipitation index (SPI) provides proper results. Based on each drought indices, drought characteristics can be calculated namely drought duration and drought severity. Drought characteristics are highly correlated to each other. Trusting on one of the drought characteristics for managing the water resources may lead to inappropriate understanding of drought condition. Therefore, it is important to notice all characteristics together by using a joint distribution function that among them copula function is prevalently used in hydrology studies. Several studies were examined the impact of CLIMATE CHANGE on the drought conditions by using different drought indices in many basins in the word and Iran (Bazrafshan et al., 2015, Kouchaki ei al. 2007, Mahsafar, 2011, Eghtedarnejad et al., 2016, Naserzadeh and Ahmadi, 2012, Hoffman et al., 2009, Kirono et al., 2011, Selvaraju and. Baas, 2007, Lee et al., 2013, Serinaldi et al., 2009, Mirabbasi et al., 2013). There have been many studies which using copula function in order to compute the return period of the drought (Abbasian et al., 2014, Golian, 2010, Serinaldi et al., 2009, Mirabbasi et al., 2016, Maddadgar and Moradkhani, 2011, Chen et al., 2011)...

Understanding the CLIMATE and providing safe water are two critical issues in discussing CLIMATE CHANGE and water scarcity and alarm for the future.  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the SPI drought index on the trend and duration of drought in the region and its effect on river discharge and reservoir volume of the dam.  Using CLIMATE model SCENARIOs, this trend was extracted in the future from 2030 to 2050, and its impact in the future was estimated. Therefore, SWAT software for 1994 to 2012 was used for four hydrometric stations of Gachsar, Sierra_Kelvan, Sierra_Karaj, and Pol-e-Khoab to achieve and calibrate the results of the SUFI2 algorithm in SWAT-CUP environment with appropriate bandwidth and Nash coefficients of 0.54, 0.45, 0.72, and 0.58 respectively. Also, validations for the period 2013 to 2019 were extracted 0.34, 0.38, 0.5, and 0.44, respectively. According to the results, the CLIMATE CHANGE and drought index trend indicated a decrease in river flow and increased temperature, increasing evaporation from the dam reservoir's surface. In general, the volume of the dam reservoir has decreased by about 24 to 35% based on different SCENARIOs.  On the other hand, considering the UNESCO IWRM guidelines, examining the evolutionary trend, and changing the flow rate, it was suggested that to plan the basin and implement important policies, crisis control of three social, economic, and environmental SCENARIOs is seriously considered in the region.

The purpose of this study is detection of CLIMATE CHANGE trend in 3 selected stations namely Abadan, Ahvaz and Dezful in the south of Khuzestan province,Iran during the baseline period of (1980-2010) and investigation the possible effect of CLIMATE CHANGE on the wheat crop calendar in Dezful region based on the RCP 2.6 SCENARIO. The future projected climatic data with temporal resoulution of 5 mintues were retrived from CCAFS and WorldClim1.4 CLIMATE databases and downscaled using SDSM weather generator, till 2040. The precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature variables maps were produced by ArcGis10.4 software using the IDW . The possible effect of CLIMATE CHANGE on growing season length in Dezful station was assesed.The results showed that, on average,the beginning of all phenological stages from planting to harvest would occur about 15 days earlier by the end of future period.This sift for the heading phase is projected to be 8 to 10 days. For the physiological maturity stage, a different trend was observed, so that during near future period, i.e., 2021 to 2031, the maturity stage will occur between April 11th to April 22nd,but during 2031 to 2041, the date of maturity varies between 21 March to 11 th April. In other words, It is projected that by the middle of the century, the wheat crop maturity would happen sooner between 10 and 15 days in the study station.

In the present time, with the increase of industrial activities and the neglected environmental issues, the effects of CLIMATE CHANGE have become more evident and poses this phenomenon as a global difficult. Increasing the probability of occurrence of extreme climatic events such as flood and increasing the frequency and intensity of the effects of CLIMATE CHANGE. The northwest of the country is one of the most vulnerable areas of the country due to its semi-arid and mountainous CLIMATEs and high rainfall variability. Therefore, zoning due to CLIMATE CHANGE is essential. Therefore, in this study, in order to investigate the risk of flood in the Azarshahr basin, due to CLIMATE CHANGE, using the CanESM2 general circulation model under RCP8.5 SCENARIOs negativity according to the assessment report fifth IPCC, rainfall and temperature variables were down scaling by Statistical down scaling model (SDSM). Then, with hydrological model SWAT the daily runoff, the basin map and the lines of the canals are achieved. The results of the evaluation of the SDSM model with a coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliff 0.95 on average represent the good performance of the model in the down scaling of large scale data. The results show an increase of 0.23oC and 4.53% rainfall and maximum discharge. The basin is zoned with the combination of the maximum mean discharge map, the coefficient and distance from the river with the AHP approach. Due to the zoning they are 41.55% of the area of the basin, at very low and low risk, 27.23% at average risk and 31.2% at high and very high risk. Also, with the final map, it became clear that the mid-basin had a high risk due to its prerequisite conditions and that it needed to carry out managerial actions.

Tehran, in the south of Alborz Mountains, is faced with three types of weather risk, weather risk caused by geography, climatic risks caused by air resistance and weather risk due to global warming. The aim of this study is to examine the three types of risk in Tehran. The method of this study was to evaluate the CHANGEs of synoptic factors that affect global warming and urban development. In order to detect the height CHANGEs of 500 hPa two 5-year periods including 1948 to 1952 and 2010 to 2014, were studied.The results showed that CHANGEs in heights of 500 geopotential, there was an increased risk in the city of Tehran. The effect of CLIMATE CHANGE in recent decades, increased the stability of air in Tehran. Human factors in the formation of heat islands, increase LCL height and density of the air balance is transferred to a higher altitude. Changing urban wind field, atmospheric turbulence intensified, exacerbated thermodynamic gradient, fat and refugee cyclones, heat island effect of the city.Thermal stability in the warm period will appear. The thermal stability of all levels of lower, middle and upper troposphere was intensified. Thermal stability couraged the development of subtropical high pressure in the area. With the arrival of the atmospheric pressure during calm and humid days the stability and pollution were increased. Negative vorticity from early June developed the intensive high pressure over the region. Compare the conditions of the two study periods showed that: the height of the high pressure was 100 meters higher than the second period. The number of days of intensified subtropical high increased during the second period. The high pressure has moved to the northern areas during the second period. This CHANGE in the subtropical high pressure increased the dry periods motivating the loss of vegetation. Heat island effect was increased as well. More than 90% of the temperature inversions occurred at an altitude of less than 500 meters in both warm and cold periods of year. Wind direction at both stations has shown that the establishment of any pollutant source in the West of Tehran will increase the pollution.